Iran Nuclear Deal (JCPOA)

The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), commonly known as the Iran Nuclear Deal, was signed in 2015 between Iran and the P5+1 (the United States, United Kingdom, France, Russia, China, and Germany) along with the European Union. This agreement was a pivotal moment in international diplomacy, aiming to limit Iran's nuclear program to peaceful purposes while providing the country with relief from economic sanctions that had severely impacted its economy. The JCPOA established a framework for monitoring and verification by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to ensure compliance. Despite its initial success in reducing nuclear tensions, the deal faced significant challenges, including political opposition in the United States and Iran, and was eventually undermined by the U.S. withdrawal in 2018. The JCPOA remains a critical reference point in discussions about nuclear non-proliferation and Middle Eastern geopolitics.